基于新型高频声学多普勒流速剖面仪的河口近底部边界层观测初探     

兰庭飞  吴昊  唐杰平  李占海  汪亚平 《海洋通报》2019,38(6):640-649

河口物质输运、能量交换与底边界层内的水动力过程密切相关,底边界层参数(如切应力、拖曳系数)的确定至关重要。挪威Nortek公司生产的新型声学多普勒流速剖面仪AD2CP相比传统ADCP具有高频、低噪的优点,可用于高频(16Hz)流速剖面观测,而被广泛应用于底边界层观测的ADV只能测量单点高频流速。本文采用AD2CP在长江口南槽最大浑浊带区域进行座底式观测,并与同步近底部三脚架上ADV的观测结果进行对比。结果表明,使用AD2CP测得的近底部平均流速与ADV的测量结果吻合良好;使用惯性耗散法计算了底切应力,基于ADV的单点高频流速数据计算结果为2.16×10~(-2)～5.69×10~(-1)N/m~2,基于AD2CP的结果为2.09×10~(-2)～4.26×10~(-1)N/m~2,二者范围大致相当。在此基础上,基于AD2CP数据计算出摩阻流速为4.55×10~(-3)～2.06×10~(-2)m/s、底拖曳系数范围为1.84×10~(-4)～2.49×10~(-3),与ADV的计算结果基本一致。此外,由于AD2CP可以获得高频的流速剖面数据,优于单点ADV,具备观测近底部边界层参数和边界层内湍流剖面的潜力。  相似文献   

盐源—宁蒗地区早泥盆世古地理特征及油气潜力分析     

邓敏  程锦翔  王正和  余谦  张海全  张娣  陆俊泽 《沉积与特提斯地质》2020,40(4):25-35

为了探索康滇地轴以西地质条件复杂地区的油气资源潜力，通过面积性地质调查工作与钻孔资料、分析测试资料结合，对盐源—宁蒗地区下泥盆统黑色页岩开展综合研究。研究表明：盐源—宁蒗地区早泥盆世古地理主要受康滇古陆及古特提斯构造域的构造活动控制，靠近金-箐断裂地区发育滨岸-潮坪相，古隆起围限区出现局限海湾相，远离隆起的西北部地区发育台地、陆棚、盆地相；大瓜坪组（早泥盆世晚期）发育黑色页岩（局部地区发育硅质泥岩），在羊排喜—岩口一带分布较为稳定、厚度大（20～100m），普遍含钙质，有机碳含量较高，具较高的脆性矿物含量，热演化程度适中，是重要的烃源岩和页岩气富集有利层位；黑色页岩主要发育在局限海湾环境中，羊排喜—岩口—茅坪子一线是盐源—宁蒗地区黑色页岩富集区。  相似文献   

Understanding the hydrological system dynamics of a glaciated alpine catchment in the Himalayan region using the J2000 hydrological model          下载免费PDF全文

S. Nepal  P. Krause  W.‐A. Flügel  M. Fink  C. Fischer 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1329-1344

This paper provides the results of hydrological modelling in a mesoscale glaciated alpine catchment of the Himalayan region. In the context of global climate change, the hydrological regime of an alpine mountain is likely to be affected, which might produce serious implications for downstream water availability. The main objective of this study was to understand the hydrological system dynamics of a glaciated catchment, the Dudh Kosi River basin, in Nepal, using the J2000 hydrological model and thereby understand how the rise in air temperature will affect the hydrological processes. The model is able to reproduce the overall hydrological dynamics quite well with an efficiency result of Nash–Sutcliffe (0.85), logarithm Nash–Sutcliffe (0.93) and coefficient of determination (0.85) for the study period. The average contribution from glacier areas to total streamflow is estimated to be 17%, and snowmelt (other than from glacier areas) accounts for another 17%. This indicates the significance of the snow and glacier runoff in the Himalayan region. The hypothetical rise in temperature scenarios at a rate of +2 and +4 °C indicated that the snowmelt process might be largely affected. An increase in snowmelt volume is noted during the premonsoon period, whereas the contribution during the monsoon season is significantly decreased. This occurs mainly because the rise in temperature will shift the snowline up to areas of higher altitude and thereby reduce the snow storage capacity of the basin. This indicates that the region is particularly vulnerable to global climate change and the associated risk of decreasing water availability to downstream areas. Under the assumed warming scenarios, it is likely that in the future, the river might shift from a ‘melt‐dominated river’ to a ‘rain‐dominated river’. The J2000 model should be considered a promising tool to better understand the hydrological dynamics in alpine mountain catchments of the Himalayan region. This understanding will be quite useful for further analysis of ‘what‐if scenarios’ in the context of global climate and land‐use changes and ultimately for sustainable Integrated Water Resources Management in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sedimentology of the continental end‐Permian extinction event in the Sydney Basin,eastern Australia     

Christopher R. Fielding  Tracy D. Frank  Allen P. Tevyaw  Katarina Savatic  Vivi Vajda  Stephen McLoughlin  Chris Mays  Robert S. Nicoll  Malcolm Bocking  James L. Crowley 《Sedimentology》2021,68(1):30-62

Upper Permian to Lower Triassic coastal plain successions of the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia have been investigated in outcrop and continuous drillcores. The purpose of the investigation is to provide an assessment of palaeoenvironmental change at high southern palaeolatitudes in a continental margin context for the late Permian (Lopingian), across the end‐Permian Extinction interval, and into the Early Triassic. These basins were affected by explosive volcanic eruptions during the late Permian and, to a much lesser extent, during the Early Triassic, allowing high‐resolution age determination on the numerous tuff horizons. Palaeobotanical and radiogenic isotope data indicate that the end‐Permian Extinction occurs at the top of the uppermost coal bed, and the Permo‐Triassic boundary either within an immediately overlying mudrock succession or within a succeeding channel sandstone body, depending on locality due to lateral variation. Late Permian depositional environments were initially (during the Wuchiapingian) shallow marine and deltaic, but coastal plain fluvial environments with extensive coal‐forming mires became progressively established during the early late Permian, reflected in numerous preserved coal seams. The fluvial style of coastal plain channel deposits varies geographically. However, apart from the loss of peat‐forming mires, no significant long‐term change in depositional style (grain size, sediment‐body architecture, or sediment dispersal direction) was noted across the end‐Permian Extinction (pinpointed by turnover of the palaeoflora). There is no evidence for immediate aridification across the boundary despite a loss of coal from these successions. Rather, the end‐Permian Extinction marks the base of a long‐term, progressive trend towards better‐drained alluvial conditions into the Early Triassic. Indeed, the floral turnover was immediately followed by a flooding event in basinal depocentres, following which fluvial systems similar to those active prior to the end‐Permian Extinction were re‐established. The age of the floral extinction is constrained to 252.54 ± 0.08 to 252.10 ± 0.06 Ma by a suite of new Chemical Abrasion Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry U‐Pb ages on zircon grains. Another new age indicates that the return to fluvial sedimentation similar to that before the end‐Permian Extinction occurred in the basal Triassic (prior to 251.51 ± 0.14 Ma). The character of the surface separating coal‐bearing pre‐end‐Permian Extinction from coal‐barren post‐end‐Permian Extinction strata varies across the basins. In basin‐central locations, the contact varies from disconformable, where a fluvial channel body has cut down to the level of the top coal, to conformable where the top coal is overlain by mudrocks and interbedded sandstone–siltstone facies. In basin‐marginal locations, however, the contact is a pronounced erosional disconformity with coarse‐grained alluvial facies overlying older Permian rocks. There is no evidence that the contact is everywhere a disconformity or unconformity.  相似文献   

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

明姣  盛煜  金会军  张泽  杜玉霞 《冰川冻土》2021,43(2):601-609

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。  相似文献   

基于计算流体力学的寒区土壤水热耦合模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡锦华  陆峥  仝金辉  李小雁  刘绍民  杨晓帆 《冰川冻土》2021,43(4):948-963

土壤水文过程（水分运移和传热）及其对气候变化的响应是寒区水文学的前沿问题。然而,冻土的存在使得寒区土壤水文过程变得极其复杂。此外,寒区自然环境恶劣,较难获取长时间序列和高分辨率的野外观测资料。近年来,充分利用已有的观测数据,构建寒区土壤水热耦合模型,并开展相应的数值模拟研究,已成为理解寒区土壤水文物理过程,揭示其动力学机制的重要途径。基于寒区土壤水文物理过程和计算流体力学方法,构建了高分辨率、适用于完全饱和状态下的寒区土壤水热耦合模型,且自主研发了相应的数值求解器和软件包。随后,通过一系列完全饱和状态下的验证算例,如经典的一维传热方程解析解、被广泛应用的二维基准测试算例和室内土柱冻结实验等,对已构建的模型进行了系统的检验。模型模拟结果与解析解、基准算例的结果以及实验数据相比,均有较好的一致性,表明该模型较为准确且高效地模拟了寒区土壤在完全饱和状态下的水分运移和传热过程,尤其能够精细刻画冻土水-冰相态变化等关键过程,有望成为研究寒区土壤水文过程的有力工具。  相似文献   

1960—2017年河西地区降水时空变化特征     

王秀娜  丁永建  王建  赵传成 《冰川冻土》2021,43(4):1179-1189

利用1960—2017年日降水量资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析、滑动分析和泰森多边形法等,对河西地区多年降水时空变化特征及不同量级降水日数及降水强度的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明：河西地区年均降水量为99.0 mm,呈现明显的逐年上升趋势,平均倾向率为8.72 mm?（10a）^-1,月降水量为单峰分布,5—10月夏秋汛期降水量占年降水量的89.2%,各季节降水量均呈现显著上升趋势;年均降水日数为36.7天,呈现明显的上升趋势,增幅为3.18 d?（10a）^-1,降水日数主要分布在夏季,约占总降水日数的54.6%;平均降水强度为2.70 mm?d^-1,呈现减弱趋势,变化速率为-0.04 mm?d^-1?（10a）^-1;零星小雨和小雨降水日数均呈现增加趋势,而二者平均降水强度均为下降趋势,小到中雨降水日数和降水强度呈现增加趋势,中雨及以上的降水变化趋势不明显。  相似文献   

1996—2015年黄河源区植被覆盖度提取和时空变化分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王俊奇  王广军  梁四海  杜海波  彭红明 《冰川冻土》2021,43(2):662-674

研究黄河源区植被覆盖度时空变化对于深入理解青藏高原多年冻土区在气候变化和人类活动双重作用下的植被响应,以及为黄河源区生态环境保护和治理提供决策具有重要的意义。以陆地卫星（Landsat）影像为主要数据源,利用多端元混合像元分解模型（Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis,MESMA）,完成了1996—2015年黄河源区4.4万km²、7个时相的植被覆盖度提取,并基于转移矩阵和一元线性回归趋势法分析了植被覆盖度变化情况。结果表明：黄河源区东南部植被覆盖度较高,西北部植被覆盖度较低,且植被覆盖度在空间上由东南向西北呈递减趋势。1996—2004年植被覆盖度整体呈下降趋势,2004—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势。1996—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势的区域占57.25%,基本不变的区域占16.02%,植被覆盖度呈下降趋势的区域占26.73%。植被覆盖度下降的主要原因是黄河源头及一些河谷地带、环湖地区受人类影响较大,且东南部海拔较低地区受到过度放牧的影响。尽管黄河源区1996—2015年植被覆盖度总体呈改善趋势,但毒杂草的面积也由1996年的16 060 km²增加到2015年的22 942 km²,20年间增加了6 882 km²,毒杂草面积的增加对黄河源区局部地区畜牧业的发展有不利影响。  相似文献   

中国西部寒区流域冰川水文调节功能研究     

贺青山  杨建平  陈虹举  王彦霞  唐凡  冀钦  葛秋伶 《冰川冻土》2021,43(5):1512-1522

冰川作为固体水库以“削峰填谷”的形式显著调节径流丰枯变化,冰川的水文调节功能对于中国西北干旱区至关重要。使用现有VIC-CAS模型模拟得到中国西部寒区2014—2100年径流预估数据,从趋势和波动变化相结合的视角,基于径流变差系数法,构建了冰川水文调节指数（Glacier_R）,分析了9个寒区流域冰川径流变化的稳定性,详细剖析了历史时期（1971—2010年）和未来到21世纪末这些流域冰川水文调节功能的强弱变化。结果表明：历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,除长江流域外,青藏高原其余流域的冰川径流减小时间节点为2020s,西北内陆河流域则为2010s。历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下至21世纪末,尽管西部寒区大部分流域的冰川径流呈减少趋势,但波动幅度减小或无明显变化,冰川径流稳定性增强或无变化。总体上,西北内陆河流域的冰川水文调节功能较高,青藏高原流域的冰川水文调节功能较低。RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,至21世纪末,西部寒区各流域冰川水文调节功能均呈现减弱趋势,西北内陆河流域减弱更加显著,如RCP4.5情景下,木扎提河冰川水文调节功能降幅达25.4%,而青藏高原各流域的冰川水文调节功能一直处于较低水平。从年代际变化来看,1970s—2010s是寒区流域冰川水文调节功能较强的时期,1980s和2000s两个时段冰川水文调节功能尤强;RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,未来到21世纪末,冰川调节功能明显减弱。减弱的时间节点不同,最早为1970s,最晚为2020s。  相似文献   

1991—2015年三江源河曲高寒草甸干湿状况及牧草产量变化的气候归因研究     

罗谨  王军邦  杨永胜  张光茹  祝景彬  贺慧丹  李英年 《冰川冻土》2021,43(5):1542-1550

以三江源东部河曲高寒草甸为研究对象,通过分析1991—2015年气温、降水、潜在蒸散、湿润指数和牧草产量变化特征,探讨了地区干湿状况对牧草产量的影响。研究表明：1991—2015年河曲高寒草甸潜在蒸散以3.5 mm·a^-1的速率增加（P<0.01）,在年降水量按2.3 mm·a^-1呈非显著性（P>0.05）增加的趋势下,地区干湿状况基本保持平稳（多年均值为0.52）,隶属于半湿润气候区。25年来牧草干重产量平均为303.7 g·m^-2,并以3.0 g·m^-2·a^-1的速率下降。分析牧草产量与影响干湿状况的气候因素之间的相关性发现,气温对牧草产量影响不明显（P>0.05）,降水量表现为正相关关系（P>0.10）,说明该区域降水是牧草产量提高与否的主导因素;牧草产量与潜在蒸散表现为负相关关系（P>0.10）,与湿润指数表现为正相关关系（P>0.10）;在生长季时期,牧草产量与降水量、潜在蒸散和湿润指数的相关性关系达到了显著水平（P<0.10）,说明牧草产量在生长季对地区环境条件湿润与否较为敏感。  相似文献